B & D Truck & Gear, Inc. P. O. Box 331, Shreveport, La
| B | |
|---|---|
| B b | |
| (See below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script English alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Linguistic communication of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0042, U+0062 |
| Alphabetical position | 2 Numerical value: 2 |
| History | |
| Evolution |
|
| Fourth dimension period | unknown to present |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Variations | (See below) |
| Other | |
| Other letters commonly used with | bv bh bp bm bf |
| Associated numbers | 2 |
B, or b, is the 2nd letter of the Latin-script alphabet. Its name in English is bee (pronounced ), plural bees.[i] [ii] It represents the voiced bilabial cease in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants.
History
| Egyptian Pr | Phoenician bēt | Etruscan B | Greek beta | Latin B |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  |  |
Old English language was originally written in runes, whose equivalent letter was beorc ⟨ ᛒ ⟩, meaning "birch". Beorc dates to at least the 2nd-century Elder Futhark, which is now thought to take derived from the Old Italic alphabets' ⟨ 𐌁 ⟩ either directly or via Latin ⟨
⟩.
The uncial ⟨
⟩ and half-uncial ⟨
⟩ introduced by the Gregorian and Irish missions gradually developed into the Insular scripts' ⟨
⟩. These Old English Latin alphabets supplanted the earlier runes, whose use was fully banned under Rex Canute in the early 11th century. The Norman Conquest popularised the Carolingian half-uncial forms which latter developed into blackletter ⟨
⟩. Effectually 1300, letter case was increasingly distinguished, with upper- and lower-instance B taking separate meanings. Following the advent of printing in the 15th century, Holy Roman Empire (Germany) and Scandinavia connected to utilize forms of blackletter (particularly Fraktur), while England eventually adopted the humanist and antiqua scripts developed in Renaissance Italia from a combination of Roman inscriptions and Carolingian texts. The present forms of the English cursive B were developed by the 17th century.
The Roman ⟨B⟩ derived from the Greek capital beta ⟨ Β ⟩ via its Etruscan and Cumaean variants. The Greek alphabetic character was an accommodation of the Phoenician letter bēt ⟨ 𐤁 ⟩.[3] The Egyptian hieroglyph for the consonant /b/ had been an epitome of a foot and dogie ⟨
⟩,[4] only bēt (Phoenician for "firm") was a modified grade of a Proto-Sinaitic glyph ⟨
⟩ probably adjusted from the separate hieroglyph Pr ⟨ 
⟩ significant "firm".[v] [6] The Hebrew letter beth ⟨ ב ⟩ is a separate development of the Phoenician alphabetic character.[iii]
By Byzantine times, the Greek letter ⟨ Β ⟩ came to be pronounced /5/,[3] so that it is known in modern Greek as víta (still written βήτα ). The Cyrillic letter of the alphabet ve ⟨ В ⟩ represents the same sound, so a modified form known as exist ⟨ Б ⟩ was developed to stand for the Slavic languages' /b/.[3] (Modern Greek continues to lack a letter for the voiced bilabial plosive and transliterates such sounds from other languages using the digraph/consonant cluster ⟨ μπ ⟩, mp.)
Apply in writing systems
English
In English, ⟨b⟩ denotes the voiced bilabial stop /b/, every bit in bib. In English language, it is sometimes silent. This occurs particularly in words ending in ⟨mb⟩, such as lamb and flop, some of which originally had a /b/ sound, while some had the letter ⟨b⟩ added past analogy (see Phonological history of English consonant clusters). The ⟨b⟩ in debt, doubt, subtle, and related words was added in the 16th century every bit an etymological spelling, intended to make the words more than like their Latin originals (debitum, dubito, subtilis).
As /b/ is i of the sounds subject to Grimm's Law, words which have ⟨b⟩ in English and other Germanic languages may find their cognates in other Indo-European languages appearing with ⟨bh⟩, ⟨p⟩, ⟨f⟩ or ⟨φ⟩ instead.[3] For example, compare the various cognates of the discussion brother. It is the seventh least oftentimes used alphabetic character in the English language (subsequently V, One thousand, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of most 1.5% in words.
Other languages
Many other languages besides English utilize ⟨b⟩ to represent a voiced bilabial stop.
In Estonian, Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic and Standard mandarin Chinese Pinyin, ⟨b⟩ does not denote a voiced consonant. Instead, it represents a voiceless /p/ that contrasts with either a geminated /p:/ (in Estonian) or an aspirated /ph/ (in Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic and Pinyin) represented past ⟨p⟩. In Fijian ⟨b⟩ represents a prenasalised /mb/, whereas in Zulu and Xhosa information technology represents an implosive /ɓ/, in contrast to the digraph ⟨bh⟩ which represents /b/. Finnish uses ⟨b⟩ just in loanwords.
Phonetic transcription
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, [b] is used to represent the voiced bilabial cease phone. In phonological transcription systems for specific languages, /b/ may be used to represent a lenis phoneme, non necessarily voiced, that contrasts with fortis /p/ (which may accept greater aspiration, tenseness or elapsing).
Other uses
B is also a musical note. In English-speaking countries, it represents Si, the 12th note of a chromatic scale built on C. In Cardinal Europe and Scandinavia, "B" is used to denote B-apartment and the 12th note of the chromatic scale is denoted "H". Primitive forms of 'b', the b quadratum (square b, ♮ ) and b rotundum (circular b, ♭ ) are used in musical notation as the symbols for natural and flat, respectively.
In Contracted (course ii) English braille, 'b' stands for "simply" when in isolation.
In computer science, B is the symbol for byte, a unit of information storage.
In applied science, B is the symbol for bel, a unit of level.
In chemical science, B is the symbol for boron, a chemical element.
The blood-type B emoji (🅱️) was added in Unicode vi.0 in 2010, and became a popular internet meme in 2018 where letters would exist replaced with the emoji.[7]
Ancestors, descendants and siblings
- 𐤁 : Semitic letter Bet, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Β β : Greek letter of the alphabet Beta, from which B derives
- Ⲃ ⲃ Coptic alphabetic character Bēta, which derives from Greek Beta
- В в : Cyrillic letter Ve, which likewise derives from Beta
- Б б : Cyrillic letter Be, which also derives from Beta
- ʙ : A small capital B, used every bit the lowercase B in a number of alphabets during romanization
- 𐌁 : Old Italic B, which derives from Greek Beta
- ᛒ : Runic letter Berkanan, which probably derives from Old Italic B
- 𐌱 : Gothic letter bercna, which derives from Greek Beta
- IPA-specific symbols related to B: ɓ ʙ β
- B with diacritics: Ƀ ƀ Ḃ ḃ Ḅ ḅ Ḇ ḇ Ɓ ɓ ᵬ[viii] ᶀ[9]
- Ꞗ ꞗ : B with flourish
- ᴃ ᴯ B b : Barred B and various modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.[10]
- Ƃ ƃ : B with topbar
Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols
- ␢ : U+2422 ␢ Blank SYMBOL
- ฿ : Thai baht
- ₿ : Bitcoin
- ♭: The apartment in music, mentioned higher up, yet closely resembles lowercase b.
Code points
These are the lawmaking points for the forms of the letter in diverse systems
| Preview | B | b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode proper name | LATIN Upper-case letter Letter B | LATIN SMALL Letter B | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 66 | U+0042 | 98 | U+0062 |
| UTF-8 | 66 | 42 | 98 | 62 |
| Numeric character reference | B | B | b | b |
| EBCDIC family | 194 | C2 | 130 | 82 |
| ASCII 1 | 66 | 42 | 98 | 62 |
- 1 Too for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
Employ every bit a number
In the hexadecimal (base xvi) numbering system, B is a number that corresponds to the number eleven in decimal (base ten) counting.
References
- ^ "B", Oxford English language Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford Academy Press, 1989
- ^ "B", Merriam-Webster's tertiary New International Lexicon of the English Linguistic communication, Entire, 1993
- ^ a b c d due east Baynes, T. Southward., ed. (1878), , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. three (ninth ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 173
- ^ Schumann-Antelme, Ruth; Rossini, Stéphane (1998), Illustrated Hieroglyphics Handbook, English translation by Sterling Publishing (2002), pp. 22–23, ISBN1-4027-0025-3
- ^ Goldwasser, Orly (March–April 2010), "How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs", Biblical Archaeology Review, vol. 36, Washington: Biblical Archaeology Society, ISSN 0098-9444, archived from the original on thirty June 2016, retrieved 11 August 2015
- ^ It besides resembles the hieroglyph for /h/ ⟨
⟩ significant "manor" or "reed shelter". - ^ "B Button Emoji 🅱". Know Your Meme. Archived from the original on 25 Jan 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ^ Lawman, Peter (30 September 2003). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Heart Tilde in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Constable, Peter (19 April 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add boosted phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 Oct 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (xx March 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
External links
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B & D Truck & Gear, Inc. P. O. Box 331, Shreveport, La UPDATED
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